Very old people’s use of the pedestrian environment: functional limitations, frequency of activity and environmental demands

Due to decreased functional capacity as well as high environmental demands there is a risk of diminishing activity outside home in very old age (age 80+). In order to explore differences according to functional limitations (FL) among very old people with respect to frequency of activity, perceived health, overall perception of neighbourhood environment, and perceived problems in the pedestrian environment, data derived from a postal questionnaire survey to very old people living in an urban area in Sweden were used. This explorative study is based on the sub-sample of people aged 80+ who reported outdoor activities (n = 97). Four groups of respondents with different types of FL were identified: with no FL (n = 23), with only movement-related FL (n = 26), with only perception/cognition-related FL (n = 16), and with both movement- and perception/ cognition-related FL (n = 32). The majority of the respondents reported rather high frequency of activity outside home. When examining differences between the four groups, the analysis indicated how the complexity of FL and perceived problems in the pedestrian environment impacted on their activity performance. Persons with both movement- and perception/cognition-related FL were less satisfied with their frequency of activity, experienced their health more negatively and experienced more problems in the pedestrian environment than in the other groups. The findings from this study indicate the importance of considering combinations of FL in creating supportive environments for activity and health.     

血液病患者对健康教育需求的调查与分析

目的　探讨血液病患者及家属对健康教育的需求。方法　选择 4 35例患者填写调查问卷 ,同时随机选择 4 35例患者家属进行了解 ,对结果进行处理。结果　患者及家属对健康教育的需求很高 ,主要集中在治疗、自我保健等方面。结论　针对不同患者的个体差异制订不同的健康教育内容 ,提高了护理质量 ,使患者受益 ;增强了护理人员专业素质 ;建立了新型的护患关系。     

Health status,work limitations,and return-to-work trajectories in injured workers with musculoskeletal disorders

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to describe the health status and work limitations in injured workers with musculoskeletal disorders at 1 month post-injury, stratified by return-to-work status, and to document their return-to-work trajectories 6 months post-injury. METHODS: A sample of 632 workers with a back or upper extremity musculoskeletal disorder, who filed a Workplace Safety and Insurance Board lost-time claim injury, participated in this prospective study. Participants were assessed at baseline (1 month post-injury) and at 6 months follow-up. RESULTS: One month post-injury, poor physical health, high levels of depressive symptoms and high work limitations are prevalent in workers, including in those with a sustained first return to work. Workers with a sustained first return to work report a better health status and fewer work limitations than those who experienced a recurrence of work absence or who never returned to work. Six months post-injury, the rate of recurrence of work absence in the trajectories of injured workers who have made at least one return to work attempt is high (38%), including the rate for workers with an initial sustained first return to work (27%). CONCLUSIONS: There are return-to-work status specific health outcomes in injured workers. A sustained first return to work is not equivalent to a complete recovery from musculoskeletal disorders.     

Income-related health inequality in Belgium: a longitudinal perspective

This paper provides new evidence on the degree of income-related inequality in self-assessed health in Belgium. First of all, we combine the time dimension, which has been shown to be very important in the analysis of inequality, and the use of the recently developed interval regression approach to transform a categorical health variable in a continuous one. Second, we measure how the long-run inequality differs from the short-run inequality. Finally, we decompose this health-related income mobility index as well as the long-run concentration index (CI) itself into its contributors. Using data from the panel survey of Belgian households (1994–2002), we find that health is pro-rich distributed and that its inequality is underestimated by 9.45% when neglecting the dynamics of individuals over time. Income, education, job status and age are the most important contributors in the CI and the difference between the short-run and long-run inequality.      

行为干预对慢性乙型肝炎患者健康相关行为影响的研究

目的 观察行为干预对慢性乙型肝炎患者健康行为的影响。方法 将300例慢性乙型肝炎患者作为目标人群进行健康教育，建立目标人群管理档案，进行目标人群健康行为干预，比较教育前后相关行为的改变。结果 慢性乙型肝炎患者8项健康行为和8项危险健康行为有明显改观，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 通过行为干预，有效地使慢性乙型肝炎患者完全遵从医嘱合理用药，完全依从健康行为，从而减少危险行为的发生。     

社区卫生服务信息系统功能建模研究

理顺功能关系、理清业务流程是构建社区卫生服务信息系统的前提和基础,功能建模是理顺功能关系的一个重要手段。在研究现有的各种功能分析方法的基础上,本文以IDEF0模型方法为基础,提出了社区卫生服务信息系统功能建模方法。通过建立功能、数据和约束之间的内在联系,为系统的功能设计和数据分析提供了基础。     

小学生吸烟行为健康教育干预实验

本文报告了自１９９１年以来在四川省什邡县所进行的小学生吸烟行为健康教育干预实验。结果显示，实验达到了预期目的。根据基线调查资料对对象儿童吸烟行为影响因素所作的分析以及在此基础上所采取的干预策略是正确的，干预方法是有效的。从而证明了在一个成人吸烟占主流的社会环境中通过健康教育劝阻儿童吸烟尽管是很困难的，但却是完全有成功把握的。     

山东省实现无脊髓灰质炎目标的卫生经济学评价(2)--成本-效益分析

为评价实现无脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )目标的卫生经济学效益 ,对山东省 195 6～ 2 0 0 0年的资料进行分析。结果显示 ,如不考虑无形效益和因口服脊灰疫苗 (OPV)免疫造成的疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰 (VAPP)的影响 ,按脊灰发病和控制的不同时期进行分析 ,推广使用疫苗时期 ( 196 5～ 1978年 )和无特异免疫预防时期 ( 195 6～ 196 4年 )相比 ,计划免疫时期 ( 1979～ 1990年 )和推广使用疫苗时期相比 ,消灭脊灰活动时期 ( 1991～ 2 0 0 0年 )和计划免疫时期相比 ,净效益 (以人民币元计算 ,下同 )分别为 3 6 4亿元、33 6 2亿元、80 83亿元 ,其成本 效益比分别为 1∶7 74、1∶47 6 9、1∶2 5 5 7。在 36年 ( 196 5～ 2 0 0 0年 )消灭脊灰进程中 ,共获得净效益 118 0 9亿元 ,其成本 效益比为 1∶2 6 90。消灭脊灰活动的效益是长久的 ,在全球消灭脊灰之后 ,随着成本投入的停止 ,其效益仍将持续增长。     

区域性卫生规划及卫生资源配置标准的比较分析

目的：比较分析各地区域性卫生规划和卫生资源配置标准，为制定下阶段的区域卫生规划和资源配置标准提供科学依据。方法：采用文献定性和定量的分析方法，比较不同地区区域性卫生规划文献发表的数量、文献的主题和卫生资源配置标准等。结果：东部地区所发表的论文数量多于西部地区，但各地区发表文献的主题无显著差异；每千人口床位数、每千人口执业医师数、每千人口的执业护士数、每百万人口的CT和MRI数东部地区均高于西部地区；四川省各项指标低于西部地区。结论：区域性卫生规划和卫生资源的配置是改善和提高区域内的卫生综合服务能力以及卫生资源利用效率的重要措施，各地区的资源配置应与社会经济的发展相一致，要充分体现公平和效率、合理和实用的原则。